学术文献库

Strong lensing of {gravitational-wave signals} can produce three types of images, denoted as Type-I, Type-II and Type-III, corresponding to the minima, saddle and maxima of the lensing potential of the lensed images. Type-II images, in particular, receive a non-trivial phase shift of $π/2$. This phase shift can introduce additional distortions in the strains produced by the Type-II image of the binary black hole signals depending on the morphology of the signals, e.g., when they have contributions from higher harmonics, precession, eccentricity, etc. {The probability of observing Type-II images is nearly the same as that of strong lensing itself, and thus these signals are likely to be observed in the near future.} In this work, we investigate the potential applicability of these distortions in helping identify Type-II signals from a single detection and the systematic biases that could arise in the inference of parameters if they are recovered with gravitational-wave templates that do not take the distortion into account. We show that the lensing distortions will allow us to confidently identify the Type-II images for highly inclined binaries: at network signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) $ρ=20(50)$, individual Type-II images should be identifiable with ln Bayes factor $\ln \mathcal{B} > 2$ for inclinations $ ι> 5 π/12 (π/3) $. Furthermore, based on the trends we observe in these results, we predict that, at high SNRs ($\gtrsim 100$), individual Type-II images would be identifiable even when the inclination angle is much lower ($\sim π/6$). We then show that neglecting physical effects arising from these identifiable Type-II images can significantly bias the estimates of source parameters. Thus, in the future, using templates that take into account the lensing deformation would be necessary to extract source parameters from Type-II lensed signals.