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We consider the problem of simultaneous variable selection and estimation of the corresponding regression coefficients in an ultra-high dimensional linear regression models, an extremely important problem in the recent era. The adaptive penalty functions are used in this regard to achieve the oracle variable selection property along with easier computational burden. However, the usual adaptive procedures (e.g., adaptive LASSO) based on the squared error loss function is extremely non-robust in the presence of data contamination which are quite common with large-scale data (e.g., noisy gene expression data, spectra and spectral data). In this paper, we present a regularization procedure for the ultra-high dimensional data using a robust loss function based on the popular density power divergence (DPD) measure along with the adaptive LASSO penalty. We theoretically study the robustness and the large-sample properties of the proposed adaptive robust estimators for a general class of error distributions; in particular, we show that the proposed adaptive DPD-LASSO estimator is highly robust, satisfies the oracle variable selection property, and the corresponding estimators of the regression coefficients are consistent and asymptotically normal under easily verifiable set of assumptions. Numerical illustrations are provided for the mostly used normal error density. Finally, the proposal is applied to analyze an interesting spectral dataset, in the field of chemometrics, regarding the electron-probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) of archaeological glass vessels from the 16th and 17th centuries.